What is the meaning of Matthew 5:22?

Matthew 5:22 is a verse within the Sermon on the Mount, a collection of teachings by Jesus that spans Matthew chapters 5 through 7. This particular verse reads as follows in the New International Version (NIV):

"But I tell you that anyone who is angry with a brother or sister will be subject to judgment. Again, anyone who says to a brother or sister, 'Raca,' is answerable to the court. And anyone who says, 'You fool!' will be in danger of the fire of hell."

This verse is part of a broader section where Jesus is expanding on the Old Testament law, specifically the commandment against murder. In Matthew 5:21, Jesus begins by quoting the commandment, "You shall not murder," and the associated judgment for those who commit murder. Then, in verse 22, He deepens the understanding of this commandment by addressing the underlying attitudes and emotions that lead to such actions.

The Context of the Sermon on the Mount

The Sermon on the Mount is a foundational text for Christian ethics and discipleship. Jesus begins with the Beatitudes, which describe the characteristics of those who are blessed in God's kingdom. He then moves on to explain how His followers should exceed the righteousness of the Pharisees and teachers of the law (Matthew 5:20). This sets the stage for His deeper interpretations of the commandments, showing that true righteousness goes beyond mere external compliance to the law and penetrates to the heart and intentions behind actions.

Understanding Anger

In Matthew 5:22, Jesus addresses the issue of anger. He teaches that harboring anger against a brother or sister is itself a serious matter, equating it with the sin of murder in terms of its moral and spiritual consequences. This teaching emphasizes the importance of inner purity and the dangers of unchecked emotions.

The Greek word translated as "angry" in this verse is "orgizomenos," which denotes a deep-seated, ongoing anger. It is not merely a fleeting irritation but a sustained, unresolved anger that can lead to destructive behavior. Jesus warns that such anger makes a person "subject to judgment." This judgment can be understood as both human and divine. In human terms, unresolved anger can lead to conflicts and legal disputes. In divine terms, it speaks to God's ultimate judgment of our hearts and actions.

The Terms "Raca" and "You Fool"

Jesus then addresses specific expressions of contempt: "Raca" and "You fool!" The term "Raca" is an Aramaic word that was used as an insult, implying that someone is worthless or empty-headed. It is a term of derision and disrespect. Jesus teaches that using such language makes one "answerable to the court," likely referring to the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish council and court of justice at the time.

The phrase "You fool!" translates the Greek word "moros," from which we get the English word "moron." In this context, it is more than just calling someone foolish; it implies a moral judgment, condemning the person's character and worth. Jesus warns that such condemnation places one "in danger of the fire of hell" (Gehenna). Gehenna was a valley outside Jerusalem associated with the burning of refuse and, metaphorically, with divine judgment and eternal punishment.

The Heart of the Matter

Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:22 underscores the importance of the heart's condition. While the law prohibits murder, Jesus reveals that the root of murder—anger and contempt—must also be addressed. This teaching aligns with other parts of Scripture that emphasize the significance of the heart and inner life. For example, Proverbs 4:23 states, "Above all else, guard your heart, for everything you do flows from it."

Jesus' focus on the heart is also evident in His other teachings. In Matthew 15:19, He says, "For out of the heart come evil thoughts—murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false testimony, slander." By addressing the heart, Jesus calls His followers to a higher standard of righteousness that transforms not only their actions but also their thoughts and attitudes.

Practical Implications

The practical implications of Matthew 5:22 are profound for Christian living. It challenges believers to examine their hearts and relationships. Unresolved anger and contempt can destroy relationships and communities. Therefore, Jesus' teaching calls for reconciliation and forgiveness. In the verses that follow, Jesus emphasizes the importance of reconciling with others before offering gifts at the altar (Matthew 5:23-24). This underscores that right relationships with others are integral to worship and relationship with God.

Furthermore, Jesus' teaching on anger and contempt invites believers to cultivate a spirit of humility, patience, and love. The Apostle Paul echoes this in his letters, urging believers to "get rid of all bitterness, rage and anger, brawling and slander, along with every form of malice" (Ephesians 4:31) and to "clothe yourselves with compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience" (Colossians 3:12).

Theological Reflections

Theologically, Matthew 5:22 reflects the holistic nature of Jesus' teaching on the law. Jesus fulfills the law by revealing its true intent and calling His followers to a deeper, heart-level obedience. This teaching aligns with the prophetic tradition that emphasizes the heart's condition over mere ritual compliance. For instance, the prophet Micah declares, "He has shown you, O mortal, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God" (Micah 6:8).

Jesus' teaching also highlights the seriousness of sin and the need for divine grace. By equating anger and contempt with murder, Jesus shows that all are in need of God's mercy and forgiveness. This prepares the way for the gospel message that salvation is found in Jesus Christ, who offers forgiveness and transformation through His death and resurrection.

Conclusion

Matthew 5:22 challenges believers to examine their hearts and relationships. It teaches that true righteousness goes beyond external actions to the attitudes and emotions that underlie them. By addressing anger and contempt, Jesus calls His followers to a higher standard of love and reconciliation. This teaching is consistent with the broader biblical emphasis on the heart and the transformative power of God's grace. As believers seek to follow Jesus' teachings, they are called to cultivate a spirit of humility, patience, and love, reflecting the character of Christ in their relationships and communities.