The twelve disciples of Jesus, also known as the twelve apostles, hold a significant place in the New Testament and the history of Christianity. These men were chosen by Jesus to be His closest followers and were entrusted with spreading His teachings to the world. Their names are recorded in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Acts, with slight variations in the order and names due to different traditions and translations. Here, I will provide a comprehensive list of the twelve disciples, drawing on the New Testament accounts, and offer some insights into their lives and roles in Jesus' ministry.
The Twelve Disciples
- Peter (Simon Peter)
- Andrew
- James (son of Zebedee)
- John (son of Zebedee)
- Philip
- Bartholomew (Nathanael)
- Matthew (Levi)
- Thomas (Didymus)
- James (son of Alphaeus)
- Thaddaeus (Judas son of James, also known as Lebbaeus)
- Simon the Zealot
- Judas Iscariot
Peter (Simon Peter)
Simon, whom Jesus named Peter (which means "rock"), is perhaps the most well-known of the disciples. He was a fisherman by trade and was called by Jesus while he was casting a net into the Sea of Galilee (Matthew 4:18). Peter is often depicted as the leader of the apostles and is known for his boldness and impetuous nature. He was the first to confess Jesus as the Christ, saying, "You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God" (Matthew 16:16). Despite his denial of Jesus three times before the crucifixion, Peter was restored and became a central figure in the early church (John 21:15-19).
Andrew
Andrew, the brother of Peter, was also a fisherman and one of the first disciples called by Jesus. According to the Gospel of John, Andrew was originally a disciple of John the Baptist and was the one who introduced Peter to Jesus (John 1:40-42). Andrew is known for his missionary zeal and is believed to have preached the gospel in various regions, including Scythia and Greece.
James (son of Zebedee)
James, the son of Zebedee and the brother of John, was another fisherman called by Jesus. He is often referred to as James the Greater to distinguish him from the other James among the apostles. James was part of Jesus' inner circle, along with Peter and John, and was present at significant events such as the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1-9) and the raising of Jairus' daughter (Mark 5:37). He was the first apostle to be martyred, killed by the sword on the orders of King Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:2).
John (son of Zebedee)
John, the brother of James, is often referred to as the "beloved disciple" in the Gospel of John. He was also part of Jesus' inner circle and witnessed key moments in Jesus' ministry. John is traditionally believed to be the author of the Gospel of John, the three Epistles of John, and the Book of Revelation. He lived to an old age and was exiled to the island of Patmos, where he received the visions recorded in Revelation (Revelation 1:9).
Philip
Philip was from Bethsaida, the same town as Peter and Andrew (John 1:44). He is known for his practical and questioning nature, as seen when he asked Jesus how they could feed the multitude (John 6:5-7). Philip also played a role in introducing Nathanael (Bartholomew) to Jesus (John 1:45-46). According to tradition, Philip preached the gospel in Phrygia and was martyred in Hierapolis.
Bartholomew (Nathanael)
Bartholomew is often identified with Nathanael, who is mentioned in the Gospel of John. Nathanael initially expressed skepticism about Jesus, saying, "Can anything good come out of Nazareth?" (John 1:46). However, after meeting Jesus, he declared, "Rabbi, you are the Son of God; you are the king of Israel" (John 1:49). Bartholomew is believed to have preached in various regions, including India and Armenia, and was martyred for his faith.
Matthew (Levi)
Matthew, also known as Levi, was a tax collector before being called by Jesus (Matthew 9:9). Tax collectors were generally despised by their fellow Jews for collaborating with the Roman authorities and for their often unscrupulous practices. Despite his background, Matthew became one of Jesus' closest followers and is traditionally credited with writing the Gospel of Matthew. He is believed to have preached in Ethiopia and other regions.
Thomas (Didymus)
Thomas, also known as Didymus (which means "twin"), is best known for his initial doubt about Jesus' resurrection. When the other disciples told him they had seen the risen Lord, Thomas replied, "Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe" (John 20:25). When Jesus appeared to him, Thomas proclaimed, "My Lord and my God!" (John 20:28). Thomas is traditionally believed to have traveled to India, where he established a Christian community and was martyred.
James (son of Alphaeus)
James, the son of Alphaeus, is often referred to as James the Less to distinguish him from James the son of Zebedee. There is little information about him in the New Testament, and he is sometimes identified with James the Younger, mentioned in Mark 15:40. According to tradition, he preached in Persia and was martyred for his faith.
Thaddaeus (Judas son of James, also known as Lebbaeus)
Thaddaeus, also known as Judas son of James and Lebbaeus, is another disciple about whom little is known. He is mentioned in the lists of apostles in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark and in the Acts of the Apostles. Thaddaeus is traditionally believed to have preached in Edessa (modern-day Turkey) and was martyred for his faith.
Simon the Zealot
Simon the Zealot is distinguished from Simon Peter by his designation as a Zealot, indicating his association with the Jewish nationalist movement that sought to overthrow Roman rule. Despite his background, Simon became a follower of Jesus and was transformed by His teachings. According to tradition, Simon preached the gospel in various regions, including Persia, and was martyred for his faith.
Judas Iscariot
Judas Iscariot is infamous for betraying Jesus to the religious authorities for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:14-16). He was the treasurer for the disciples and is often depicted as a tragic figure who succumbed to greed and despair. After betraying Jesus, Judas felt remorse and returned the silver, but he ultimately took his own life (Matthew 27:3-5). His betrayal fulfilled the prophecies about the Messiah's suffering and death.
Conclusion
The twelve disciples of Jesus were ordinary men from various backgrounds, yet they were chosen by Jesus to be His closest companions and to carry out His mission. Despite their flaws and weaknesses, they were transformed by their encounters with Jesus and played a crucial role in the spread of the gospel. Their stories remind us that God can use anyone, regardless of their past, to accomplish His purposes. As we reflect on their lives, we are encouraged to follow their example of faith, dedication, and willingness to serve.
