What guidance does 1 Corinthians 7 provide on marriage and sexual relationships?

1 Corinthians 7 offers a wealth of guidance on marriage and sexual relationships, providing a nuanced and comprehensive perspective that has been the subject of much theological reflection. This chapter, written by the Apostle Paul, addresses various aspects of marriage, singleness, and sexual morality, offering practical advice for the early Christian community in Corinth—a city known for its moral complexities.

Paul begins this chapter by responding to specific questions posed by the Corinthians. He states, "Now concerning the matters about which you wrote: 'It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman.'" (1 Corinthians 7:1, ESV). This statement sets the stage for a detailed discussion on the subject.

Marriage as a Solution to Immorality

Paul acknowledges the reality of sexual temptation and advises marriage as a proper outlet for sexual desires. He writes, "But because of the temptation to sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband" (1 Corinthians 7:2, ESV). Here, Paul underscores the importance of marital fidelity and the exclusive nature of the marital relationship. This advice is particularly relevant in a context where sexual immorality was rampant.

Mutual Responsibilities in Marriage

Paul emphasizes mutual responsibilities within the marriage relationship. He states, "The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband. For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. Likewise, the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does" (1 Corinthians 7:3-4, ESV). This mutual submission and equality in marital relations were revolutionary concepts in a patriarchal society. Paul’s teaching here highlights the reciprocal nature of marital obligations, emphasizing that both partners have rights and responsibilities toward each other.

Temporary Abstinence for Prayer

Paul also addresses the issue of temporary abstinence from sexual relations within marriage. He advises, "Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by agreement for a limited time, that you may devote yourselves to prayer; but then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self-control" (1 Corinthians 7:5, ESV). This advice underscores the importance of mutual consent and the spiritual benefits of temporary abstinence, while also recognizing the potential dangers of prolonged separation.

Singleness and Celibacy

Paul presents singleness and celibacy as viable and honorable options. He writes, "I wish that all were as I myself am. But each has his own gift from God, one of one kind and one of another" (1 Corinthians 7:7, ESV). Paul’s own celibate lifestyle serves as a model, and he acknowledges that singleness can be a gift from God, enabling individuals to serve the Lord without the distractions of marital responsibilities. However, he also recognizes that not everyone has the same calling or gift.

Marriage and Divorce

Addressing the issue of marriage and divorce, Paul provides guidance for both married couples and those considering separation. He states, "To the married I give this charge (not I, but the Lord): the wife should not separate from her husband (but if she does, she should remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband), and the husband should not divorce his wife" (1 Corinthians 7:10-11, ESV). Paul’s teaching here reflects Jesus’ own teachings on the sanctity and permanence of marriage (cf. Matthew 19:6).

Mixed Marriages

Paul also addresses the situation of believers married to unbelievers. He advises, "If any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he should not divorce her. If any woman has a husband who is an unbeliever, and he consents to live with her, she should not divorce him" (1 Corinthians 7:12-13, ESV). This guidance underscores the importance of maintaining marital unity and the potential for the believing spouse to sanctify the unbelieving partner and their children (1 Corinthians 7:14, ESV).

However, Paul also provides a concession for cases where the unbelieving spouse chooses to leave. He writes, "But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so. In such cases the brother or sister is not enslaved. God has called you to peace" (1 Corinthians 7:15, ESV). This advice reflects a compassionate understanding of the complexities of mixed marriages and the importance of peace within the Christian life.

Remaining in One’s Situation

Paul encourages believers to remain in the situation they were in when they were called to faith. He writes, "Only let each person lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him, and to which God has called him. This is my rule in all the churches" (1 Corinthians 7:17, ESV). This principle applies to various aspects of life, including marital status, and underscores the sufficiency of God’s grace in every circumstance.

The Benefits of Singleness

Paul elaborates on the benefits of singleness, particularly in light of the "present distress" (1 Corinthians 7:26, ESV). He writes, "I want you to be free from anxieties. The unmarried man is anxious about the things of the Lord, how to please the Lord. But the married man is anxious about worldly things, how to please his wife, and his interests are divided" (1 Corinthians 7:32-34, ESV). Paul’s teaching here highlights the practical advantages of singleness for those who wish to devote themselves fully to the Lord’s work.

Freedom to Marry

Despite his preference for singleness, Paul affirms the freedom to marry. He states, "So then he who marries his betrothed does well, and he who refrains from marriage will do even better" (1 Corinthians 7:38, ESV). This balanced perspective respects individual callings and recognizes that both marriage and singleness are honorable choices, each with its own set of challenges and blessings.

Widows and Remarriage

Paul also provides guidance for widows, stating, "A wife is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to be married to whom she wishes, only in the Lord. Yet in my judgment, she is happier if she remains as she is" (1 Corinthians 7:39-40, ESV). This advice respects the freedom of widows to remarry while also acknowledging the potential benefits of remaining single.

Conclusion

1 Corinthians 7 offers a rich tapestry of guidance on marriage and sexual relationships, reflecting Paul’s pastoral concern for the well-being of the Corinthian believers. His teachings emphasize mutual responsibilities within marriage, the value of singleness, the sanctity of marriage, and the importance of living faithfully in whatever situation one finds oneself. By grounding his advice in the broader context of Christian discipleship and the imminent return of Christ, Paul provides timeless principles that continue to guide Christians today.