The concept of the Tabernacle in the Old Testament is rich with symbolism and foreshadowing that points to the coming of Jesus Christ. As a non-denominational Christian pastor, I find it profoundly moving to explore how the intricate details of the Tabernacle serve as a precursor to the life, ministry, and redemptive work of Jesus. The Tabernacle, described extensively in the Book of Exodus, was not merely a physical structure but a theological statement about God’s desire to dwell among His people, a desire fully realized in Jesus Christ.
The Tabernacle, often referred to as the Tent of Meeting, was the portable earthly dwelling place of Yahweh used by the Israelites from the time of the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan. Its construction was meticulously detailed in Exodus 25-31 and 35-40, and it served as the center of Israelite worship and the focal point of God's presence among His people. Each element of the Tabernacle—from its layout to its furnishings—has profound theological implications that find their ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ.
Firstly, the very purpose of the Tabernacle was to be a dwelling place for God among His people. In Exodus 25:8, God commands, "And let them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell in their midst." This anticipates the incarnation of Jesus Christ, who is described in John 1:14 as the Word who "became flesh and dwelt among us." The Greek word for "dwelt" (ἐσκήνωσεν, eskēnōsen) literally means "tabernacled." Just as God’s presence filled the Tabernacle, so did the fullness of God dwell in Jesus Christ (Colossians 2:9).
The layout of the Tabernacle itself is also deeply symbolic. The structure was divided into three main areas: the Outer Court, the Holy Place, and the Most Holy Place (or Holy of Holies). Each area had specific functions and restrictions, symbolizing various aspects of the path to God and the nature of His holiness.
The Outer Court was accessible to all Israelites and contained the Bronze Altar and the Bronze Laver. The Bronze Altar, where sacrifices were made, prefigures Jesus' ultimate sacrifice on the cross. Hebrews 10:10 states, "And by that will, we have been made holy through the sacrifice of the body of Jesus Christ once for all." The Bronze Laver, used for ceremonial washing by the priests, symbolizes the cleansing from sin that Jesus provides. In John 13:8, Jesus tells Peter, "Unless I wash you, you have no part with me," indicating the necessity of spiritual cleansing through Him.
The Holy Place, accessible only to the priests, contained the Golden Lampstand, the Table of Showbread, and the Altar of Incense. The Golden Lampstand, with its seven lamps, provided light in the Holy Place and symbolizes Jesus as the Light of the World (John 8:12). The Table of Showbread held twelve loaves of bread, representing the twelve tribes of Israel and foreshadowing Jesus as the Bread of Life (John 6:35). The Altar of Incense, where incense was burned daily, signifies the prayers of the saints (Revelation 5:8) and points to Jesus as our intercessor (Hebrews 7:25).
The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, was the innermost and most sacred area of the Tabernacle, separated by a veil and containing the Ark of the Covenant. Only the high priest could enter this area, and only once a year on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), to offer blood for the atonement of the people's sins. This restricted access underscores the holiness of God and the separation caused by sin. However, this separation was symbolically torn down at the crucifixion of Jesus. Matthew 27:51 records that at the moment of Jesus' death, "the curtain of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom," signifying that through Jesus' sacrifice, believers now have direct access to God.
The Ark of the Covenant itself, which held the tablets of the Law, Aaron's rod, and a jar of manna, points to Jesus in multiple ways. The Law represents God’s righteous standards, which Jesus perfectly fulfilled (Matthew 5:17). Aaron's rod, which budded as a sign of God's chosen priesthood (Numbers 17:8), prefigures Jesus as our eternal High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-16). The manna symbolizes Jesus as the true bread from heaven (John 6:32-33).
Moreover, the materials used in the construction of the Tabernacle were not arbitrary but laden with meaning. Gold, representing divinity, and silver, symbolizing redemption, were prominent. The acacia wood, known for its durability, signifies the incorruptible humanity of Christ. The fine linen, often associated with righteousness, points to Jesus' pure and sinless nature.
The sacrificial system associated with the Tabernacle also foreshadows Jesus' ultimate sacrifice. The daily sacrifices, the sin offerings, and the annual Day of Atonement all point to the need for atonement and the insufficiency of animal sacrifices to fully remove sin (Hebrews 10:4). Jesus, as the Lamb of God (John 1:29), offered Himself once for all (Hebrews 10:10), providing a perfect and complete atonement for sin.
Furthermore, the role of the high priest in the Tabernacle worship prefigures Jesus' role as our High Priest. The high priest acted as a mediator between God and the people, offering sacrifices and interceding on their behalf. Jesus, our High Priest, not only mediates but also offered Himself as the perfect sacrifice (Hebrews 9:11-12). Unlike the earthly high priests who had to offer sacrifices repeatedly, Jesus' one-time sacrifice is sufficient for all time (Hebrews 7:27).
In addition to these elements, the journey of the Israelites with the Tabernacle through the wilderness mirrors the Christian journey with Jesus. The Israelites were guided by the presence of God manifested as a cloud by day and a fire by night (Exodus 40:36-38). Similarly, Christians are guided by the Holy Spirit, who dwells within them (John 14:16-17).
The Tabernacle also served as a place of meeting where God communicated with Moses and the Israelites (Exodus 33:7-11). This prefigures Jesus as the ultimate revelation of God, the Word made flesh, who communicates God's will and character to humanity (Hebrews 1:1-3).
In summary, the Tabernacle is a profound and multifaceted foreshadowing of Jesus Christ. Every aspect of its structure, its furnishings, its rituals, and its purpose points to the person and work of Jesus. It illustrates God's desire to dwell among His people, the necessity of atonement for sin, and the provision of a mediator. The Tabernacle's fulfillment in Jesus Christ is a testament to the coherence and unity of God's redemptive plan, from the Old Testament to the New. Through the lens of the Tabernacle, we gain a deeper understanding of who Jesus is and what He accomplished for us, enriching our faith and drawing us closer to God.
