In the grand narrative of the Old Testament, Moses stands as one of the most pivotal figures, leading the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage, receiving the Law at Mount Sinai, and guiding the people through the wilderness toward the Promised Land. His life, marked by profound moments of faith, leadership, and intimacy with God, culminates in the poignant scene of his death, which is recorded in the book of Deuteronomy.
According to Deuteronomy 34:7, Moses was 120 years old when he died. The verse states, "Moses was a hundred and twenty years old when he died, yet his eyes were not weak nor his strength gone." This statement not only provides us with his age but also offers a glimpse into his remarkable vitality even in his final moments.
The age of 120 years is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it reflects a full and complete life in the context of ancient Near Eastern culture. In the Bible, the number 120 can symbolize a divinely appointed period of time, suggesting that Moses lived to the fullness of his God-ordained lifespan. This is further emphasized by the fact that Moses' physical condition remained robust until his death, indicating that his life was sustained by divine grace and purpose.
Moses' life can be divided into three distinct forty-year periods, each representing a different phase of his journey and mission. The first forty years were spent in Egypt, where he was raised in Pharaoh's household and educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians (Acts 7:22). This period prepared him intellectually and culturally for his future leadership role, though it was marked by internal conflict regarding his identity and calling.
The second forty years of Moses' life were spent in Midian, where he lived as a shepherd after fleeing Egypt. During this time, he married Zipporah, the daughter of Jethro, and had two sons. This phase was crucial for Moses' spiritual and personal development, as he encountered God in the burning bush on Mount Horeb (Exodus 3). This divine encounter marked the beginning of his prophetic mission and his return to Egypt to lead the Israelites out of slavery.
The final forty years of Moses' life were dedicated to leading the Israelites through the wilderness. This period was characterized by immense challenges, including the people's frequent rebellions, the giving of the Law, and the establishment of the covenant relationship between God and Israel. Despite the hardships, Moses remained steadfast in his leadership, interceding for the people and guiding them towards the Promised Land.
Moses' death, as recorded in Deuteronomy 34, is a deeply moving and theologically rich moment. God Himself takes Moses to Mount Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, opposite Jericho, and shows him the whole land of Canaan, which He had promised to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Though Moses is allowed to see the Promised Land, he is not permitted to enter it. This moment underscores the themes of promise and fulfillment, as well as the consequences of human actions, as Moses had previously disobeyed God's command at the waters of Meribah (Numbers 20:12).
The manner of Moses' death is unique and shrouded in mystery. Deuteronomy 34:5-6 states, "And Moses the servant of the LORD died there in Moab, as the LORD had said. He buried him in Moab, in the valley opposite Beth Peor, but to this day no one knows where his grave is." The fact that God Himself buried Moses highlights the special relationship between Moses and God. The secrecy surrounding his burial place prevents it from becoming a site of idolatry, ensuring that the focus remains on God's ongoing work with Israel.
Moses' legacy is profound and enduring. He is revered as the greatest prophet in Israel's history, a mediator of the covenant, and a preeminent teacher of God's Law. Deuteronomy 34:10-12 pays tribute to him, stating, "Since then, no prophet has risen in Israel like Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face, who did all those signs and wonders the LORD sent him to do in Egypt—to Pharaoh and to all his officials and to his whole land. For no one has ever shown the mighty power or performed the awesome deeds that Moses did in the sight of all Israel."
Moses' life and death also have significant implications for Christian theology. He is seen as a type of Christ, prefiguring the ultimate mediator between God and humanity. In the New Testament, Moses appears alongside Elijah during the Transfiguration of Jesus, symbolizing the Law and the Prophets bearing witness to Christ (Matthew 17:1-3). Jesus is often compared to Moses, but as the one who surpasses him, bringing a new covenant established on better promises (Hebrews 3:1-6).
In conclusion, Moses' age at the time of his death—120 years—encapsulates a life of divine purpose and fulfillment. His unwavering faith, extraordinary leadership, and intimate relationship with God serve as an enduring testament to God's faithfulness and the transformative power of His calling. Moses' story continues to inspire and challenge believers to live lives of obedience, faith, and dedication to God's mission.
