What are the blessings given to each tribe in Deuteronomy 33?

In Deuteronomy 33, Moses, the great leader and prophet of Israel, delivers his final blessings to the tribes of Israel before his death. This chapter is a poignant and powerful passage, reflecting Moses' deep love for his people and his prophetic insight into their futures. Each blessing is unique, tailored to the characteristics, historical experiences, and future destinies of the tribes. Let's explore these blessings in detail.

Reuben

Moses begins with Reuben, Jacob's firstborn. The blessing for Reuben is relatively brief but significant:

"Let Reuben live, and not die, nor let his men be few" (Deuteronomy 33:6, NKJV).

Reuben's blessing is a plea for survival and continuity. Historically, the tribe of Reuben faced challenges, including a decline in numbers and influence. Moses' blessing emphasizes the hope that Reuben will endure and not perish, ensuring the tribe's continued existence among the people of Israel.

Judah

Next, Moses turns to Judah, the tribe destined to produce kings and, ultimately, the Messiah:

"Hear, Lord, the voice of Judah, and bring him to his people; let his hands be sufficient for him, and may You be a help against his enemies" (Deuteronomy 33:7, NKJV).

Judah's blessing highlights the tribe's leadership role and its need for divine assistance in battle. The plea for God to hear Judah's voice and help against enemies underscores the tribe's future significance in Israel's history, particularly in the establishment of the Davidic dynasty and the coming of Jesus Christ.

Levi

The blessing for Levi, the priestly tribe, is rich in detail and significance:

"Let Your Thummim and Your Urim be with Your holy one, whom You tested at Massah, and with whom You contended at the waters of Meribah, who says of his father and mother, 'I have not seen them'; nor did he acknowledge his brothers, or know his own children; for they have observed Your word and kept Your covenant. They shall teach Jacob Your judgments, and Israel Your law. They shall put incense before You, and a whole burnt sacrifice on Your altar. Bless his substance, Lord, and accept the work of his hands; strike the loins of those who rise against him, and of those who hate him, that they rise not again" (Deuteronomy 33:8-11, NKJV).

Levi's blessing underscores the tribe's unique role as priests and teachers of the law. The reference to the Thummim and Urim, tools used for divine guidance, highlights their spiritual authority. The blessing also acknowledges the tribe's dedication to God, even at the cost of personal relationships. Moses prays for God's favor on their work and protection against adversaries, emphasizing the tribe's crucial role in maintaining Israel's covenant relationship with God.

Benjamin

Benjamin's blessing is one of security and divine favor:

"The beloved of the Lord shall dwell in safety by Him, who shelters him all the day long; and he shall dwell between His shoulders" (Deuteronomy 33:12, NKJV).

Benjamin is depicted as beloved and protected by God, dwelling securely under His care. The imagery of dwelling between God's shoulders suggests a close, intimate relationship and divine protection. This blessing reflects Benjamin's historical position as a small but significant tribe, often close to the center of Israel's religious and political life.

Joseph

The blessing for Joseph, represented by the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, is one of abundance and strength:

"Blessed of the Lord is his land, with the precious things of heaven, with the dew, and the deep lying beneath, with the precious fruits of the sun, with the precious produce of the months, with the best things of the ancient mountains, with the precious things of the everlasting hills, with the precious things of the earth and its fullness, and the favor of Him who dwelt in the bush. Let the blessing come 'on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of him who was separate from his brothers.' His glory is like a firstborn bull, and his horns like the horns of the wild ox; together with them he shall push the peoples to the ends of the earth; they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh" (Deuteronomy 33:13-17, NKJV).

Joseph's blessing is the most elaborate, reflecting the tribe's prosperity and influence. The imagery of abundant produce and natural resources symbolizes material blessings. The reference to the "favor of Him who dwelt in the bush" recalls God's appearance to Moses in the burning bush, emphasizing divine favor. The description of Joseph as a powerful bull with strong horns signifies strength and leadership, with Ephraim and Manasseh playing significant roles in Israel's expansion and influence.

Zebulun and Issachar

Moses blesses Zebulun and Issachar together, emphasizing their complementary roles:

"Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, and Issachar in your tents! They shall call the peoples to the mountain; there they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness; for they shall partake of the abundance of the seas and of treasures hidden in the sand" (Deuteronomy 33:18-19, NKJV).

Zebulun's blessing focuses on prosperity through trade and maritime activities, while Issachar's blessing highlights agricultural prosperity and stability. Together, they are depicted as drawing people to worship God and enjoying the blessings of the land and sea. This dual blessing underscores the interconnectedness of the tribes and their shared mission in God's plan.

Gad

Gad's blessing emphasizes strength and leadership in battle:

"Blessed is he who enlarges Gad; he dwells as a lion, and tears the arm and the crown of his head. He provided the first part for himself, because a lawgiver's portion was reserved there. He came with the heads of the people; he administered the justice of the Lord, and His judgments with Israel" (Deuteronomy 33:20-21, NKJV).

Gad is likened to a lion, symbolizing courage and ferocity in battle. The reference to enlarging Gad suggests territorial expansion and influence. The tribe's role in administering justice and participating in leadership further highlights its importance in Israel's military and judicial systems.

Dan

Dan's blessing is brief but evocative:

"Dan is a lion's whelp; he shall leap from Bashan" (Deuteronomy 33:22, NKJV).

Dan is depicted as a young lion, symbolizing potential and emerging strength. The reference to leaping from Bashan, a region known for its strength and fertility, suggests future growth and influence. This blessing hints at Dan's potential for military prowess and territorial expansion.

Naphtali

Naphtali's blessing emphasizes satisfaction and divine favor:

"O Naphtali, satisfied with favor, and full of the blessing of the Lord, possess the west and the south" (Deuteronomy 33:23, NKJV).

Naphtali is described as content and richly blessed by God. The blessing of possessing the west and the south suggests territorial expansion and prosperity. This reflects the tribe's future role in enjoying God's favor and the abundance of the land.

Asher

The blessing for Asher is one of prosperity and security:

"Asher is most blessed of sons; let him be favored by his brothers, and let him dip his foot in oil. Your sandals shall be iron and bronze; as your days, so shall your strength be" (Deuteronomy 33:24-25, NKJV).

Asher is described as the most blessed among the tribes, enjoying favor and prosperity. The imagery of dipping his foot in oil suggests abundance and wealth, likely from olive oil production. The reference to iron and bronze sandals symbolizes strength and durability, emphasizing Asher's security and resilience.

Conclusion of the Blessings

After blessing each tribe, Moses concludes with a general blessing for Israel as a whole:

"There is no one like the God of Jeshurun, who rides the heavens to help you, and in His excellency on the clouds. The eternal God is your refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms; He will thrust out the enemy from before you, and will say, 'Destroy!' Then Israel shall dwell in safety, the fountain of Jacob alone, in a land of grain and new wine; His heavens shall also drop dew. Happy are you, O Israel! Who is like you, a people saved by the Lord, the shield of your help and the sword of your majesty! Your enemies shall submit to you, and you shall tread down their high places" (Deuteronomy 33:26-29, NKJV).

This final blessing emphasizes God's unique relationship with Israel, His protection, and provision. It is a powerful reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people, highlighting their blessed status and future security under His care.

In summary, the blessings in Deuteronomy 33 reflect the unique characteristics and destinies of each tribe, woven together by Moses' prophetic insight and deep love for his people. These blessings offer a glimpse into the future of Israel, grounded in the faithfulness and providence of God.