The question of Moses' wife and her ethnicity is a fascinating topic that delves into the rich tapestry of the Old Testament narrative. Moses, the great leader and prophet who led the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage, had a wife named Zipporah. To understand her ethnicity, we must look at the biblical texts and the historical context in which these events took place.
In the book of Exodus, we first encounter Zipporah in Exodus 2:16-22. Moses, fleeing from Egypt after killing an Egyptian, arrives in the land of Midian. At a well, he helps the daughters of Reuel (also known as Jethro), the priest of Midian, who were being harassed by shepherds. In gratitude, Reuel invites Moses to stay with them, and eventually, Moses marries Zipporah, one of Reuel's daughters. Here, it is clear that Zipporah is a Midianite.
The Midianites were a nomadic people descended from Midian, one of Abraham's sons by his second wife, Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2). This makes the Midianites distant relatives of the Israelites. The Midianites lived in the region that is now part of modern-day northwest Saudi Arabia, southern Jordan, southern Israel, and the Sinai Peninsula. They were known for their trade and pastoral lifestyle, often moving with their flocks and herds.
In addition to her Midianite background, there is another intriguing reference to Moses' wife found in Numbers 12:1. This verse states, "Miriam and Aaron began to talk against Moses because of his Cushite wife, for he had married a Cushite." The term "Cushite" generally refers to a person from Cush, a region located south of Egypt, often identified with modern-day Sudan and Ethiopia. This has led to some debate among scholars and theologians about whether Moses had a second wife or if Zipporah herself was referred to as a Cushite.
One possible explanation is that the term "Cushite" in this context might be a derogatory or figurative term used by Miriam and Aaron. They could have been using it to highlight Zipporah's foreign status or her darker complexion compared to the Israelites. This interpretation aligns with the broader biblical narrative, where intermarriage with foreign women often caused tension or was used to emphasize cultural differences.
Another interpretation suggests that Moses did indeed have a second wife who was a Cushite. However, there is no other biblical evidence to support this claim, and it seems unlikely given the consistency of the narrative focusing on Zipporah as Moses' wife.
Regardless of the exact interpretation, it is clear that Zipporah, Moses' wife, was a Midianite by ethnicity. Her Midianite heritage is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it highlights the interconnectedness of the various Semitic peoples in the ancient Near East. The marriage of Moses to a Midianite woman underscores the familial ties between the Israelites and the Midianites, both descendants of Abraham.
Secondly, Zipporah's role in Moses' life and the Exodus narrative is noteworthy. In Exodus 4:24-26, we read about a mysterious and somewhat perplexing incident where God sought to kill Moses, but Zipporah intervened by circumcising their son and touching Moses' feet with the foreskin, saying, "Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me." This act appeased God, and Moses' life was spared. This passage, though enigmatic, underscores Zipporah's pivotal role and her understanding of the covenantal sign of circumcision, which was crucial for the Israelites.
Furthermore, Zipporah's presence in the narrative also reflects the broader theme of God's inclusive plan for humanity. Throughout the Bible, we see instances where non-Israelites play significant roles in God's redemptive history. From Rahab, the Canaanite woman who helped the Israelite spies in Jericho, to Ruth, the Moabite who became the great-grandmother of King David, these stories highlight that God's purposes transcend ethnic and national boundaries.
In Christian literature, the story of Moses and Zipporah has been discussed by various theologians and scholars. For example, in "Moses: A Man of Selfless Dedication" by Charles R. Swindoll, the author emphasizes the importance of Zipporah's support and her role in Moses' mission. Swindoll notes that Zipporah's actions in the circumcision incident demonstrate her commitment to God's covenant and her crucial support for Moses.
Additionally, in "Moses: A Life" by Jonathan Kirsch, the author explores the cultural and historical context of Moses' marriage to Zipporah. Kirsch highlights the significance of intermarriage in the ancient Near East and how it reflects the complex relationships between different peoples and cultures.
In conclusion, Moses' wife, Zipporah, was a Midianite by ethnicity. Her Midianite heritage is significant in understanding the broader narrative of the Exodus and the interconnectedness of the Semitic peoples. The references to her as a Cushite in Numbers 12:1 may reflect cultural tensions or figurative language rather than indicating a different ethnicity. Zipporah's role in Moses' life and the biblical narrative underscores the inclusive nature of God's plan and the importance of individuals from diverse backgrounds in His redemptive history. Through Zipporah, we see a testament to the unity and diversity within the story of God's people.
