How did Jesus come to know He was the Son of God?

The question of how Jesus came to know He was the Son of God is both profound and deeply rooted in the mystery of the Incarnation. This inquiry touches upon the very heart of Christology, the study of the nature and work of Jesus Christ. To address this, we must consider the scriptural accounts, the theological insights of the early Church Fathers, and the reflections of contemporary theologians.

From the outset, the Gospels provide us with glimpses into Jesus' self-awareness and His divine mission. The narrative of Jesus in the Temple at age twelve, found in Luke 2:41-52, is particularly telling. Here, Jesus is found by His parents, Mary and Joseph, engaging with the teachers in the Temple, astonishing them with His understanding. When His mother questions Him, Jesus responds, "Why were you searching for me? Didn’t you know I had to be in my Father’s house?" (Luke 2:49, NIV). This response indicates an early awareness of His unique relationship with God, whom He calls His Father.

However, the full realization of His identity as the Son of God likely unfolded progressively. Theologians often discuss the concept of Jesus' "self-emptying" or "kenosis," based on Philippians 2:6-7, which states that Jesus, "being in very nature God, did not consider equality with God something to be used to his own advantage; rather, he made himself nothing by taking the very nature of a servant, being made in human likeness." This passage suggests that while Jesus retained His divine nature, He willingly limited certain aspects of His divine knowledge and power during His earthly life.

The baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist marks a significant moment in His public ministry and His self-understanding. As recorded in Matthew 3:16-17, "As soon as Jesus was baptized, he went up out of the water. At that moment heaven was opened, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and alighting on him. And a voice from heaven said, 'This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased.'" This divine affirmation not only publicly declares Jesus' identity but also reinforces His mission and purpose. The descent of the Holy Spirit and the voice of God the Father serve as a powerful confirmation of His divine sonship.

The temptations of Jesus in the wilderness further illuminate His self-awareness. In Matthew 4:1-11, Satan challenges Jesus' identity, saying, "If you are the Son of God..." Jesus' responses, grounded in Scripture, demonstrate His deep understanding of His mission and His reliance on God's word. His refusal to misuse His divine power or to test God reveals a profound recognition of His role and the nature of His sonship.

Throughout His ministry, Jesus frequently speaks of His unique relationship with the Father. In John 5:19-23, Jesus says, "Very truly I tell you, the Son can do nothing by himself; he can do only what he sees his Father doing, because whatever the Father does the Son also does. For the Father loves the Son and shows him all he does." This passage not only highlights Jesus' awareness of His divine identity but also His intimate communion with the Father. His works, teachings, and miracles all flow from this relationship.

The transfiguration of Jesus, described in Matthew 17:1-8, provides another significant moment of divine revelation. Jesus, along with Peter, James, and John, ascends a high mountain where He is transfigured before them. His face shines like the sun, and His clothes become as white as the light. Moses and Elijah appear, talking with Jesus. Then, a bright cloud covers them, and a voice from the cloud says, "This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased. Listen to him!" This event not only reinforces Jesus' divine identity but also prefigures His resurrection and glorification.

The Gospel of John offers profound insights into Jesus' self-understanding through His "I am" statements. In John 8:58, Jesus declares, "Very truly I tell you, before Abraham was born, I am!" This statement echoes God's self-revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:14, where God says, "I AM WHO I AM." By using this divine name, Jesus unequivocally identifies Himself with the God of Israel, affirming His pre-existence and divinity.

Furthermore, Jesus' prayer in Gethsemane, recorded in Matthew 26:36-46, reveals His human struggle and His divine submission. He prays, "My Father, if it is possible, may this cup be taken from me. Yet not as I will, but as you will." This prayer demonstrates His full awareness of the suffering He is about to endure and His willing submission to the Father's will. His obedience unto death, even death on a cross, as described in Philippians 2:8, reveals the depth of His self-understanding and His commitment to His redemptive mission.

The resurrection and ascension of Jesus further confirm His identity as the Son of God. Romans 1:4 states that Jesus "was declared with power to be the Son of God by his resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord." The resurrection vindicates Jesus' claims and reveals His victory over sin and death. His ascension to the right hand of the Father signifies His exaltation and the completion of His earthly mission.

The early Church Fathers also reflected deeply on Jesus' self-awareness. St. Athanasius, in his seminal work "On the Incarnation," emphasizes the unity of Jesus' divine and human natures. He argues that Jesus, being fully divine, possessed an intrinsic awareness of His identity, even as He experienced human growth and development. Similarly, St. Augustine, in his writings, underscores the mystery of the Incarnation, where Jesus, the eternal Word, took on human flesh and lived among us.

Contemporary theologians continue to explore this mystery. Hans Urs von Balthasar, in his theological reflections, speaks of Jesus' mission as rooted in His filial relationship with the Father. He emphasizes that Jesus' self-understanding is inseparable from His love and obedience to the Father. N.T. Wright, in his historical and theological works, highlights the Jewish context of Jesus' ministry and His self-identification as the Messiah and the Son of God.

In summary, Jesus' self-awareness as the Son of God is a profound and multi-faceted mystery. It is rooted in His unique relationship with the Father, affirmed through divine revelation, and demonstrated through His words, works, and ultimate sacrifice. The scriptural accounts, the insights of the early Church Fathers, and the reflections of contemporary theologians all contribute to our understanding of this profound truth. Jesus, fully divine and fully human, lived out His identity as the Son of God in perfect obedience and love, revealing the Father's heart and accomplishing the work of redemption for all humanity.