Where in the Bible does Jesus say He and the Father are one?

The concept of the Trinity is one of the most profound and mysterious doctrines in Christian theology. It asserts that God exists as three persons but is one essence: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. This doctrine is not explicitly outlined in a single verse but is derived from a comprehensive reading of the Bible. One of the key passages where Jesus speaks about His unity with the Father is found in the Gospel of John.

In John 10:30, Jesus states, "I and the Father are one." This declaration is profound and has significant theological implications. To fully understand its meaning, it is essential to consider the context in which Jesus made this statement and how it aligns with the broader biblical narrative.

The context of John 10 is a discourse where Jesus describes Himself as the Good Shepherd. He talks about the intimate relationship He has with His sheep (believers) and how He lays down His life for them. In John 10:27-29, Jesus says, "My sheep listen to my voice; I know them, and they follow me. I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish; no one will snatch them out of my hand. My Father, who has given them to me, is greater than all; no one can snatch them out of my Father’s hand." Immediately following this, Jesus makes the bold claim, "I and the Father are one."

This statement indicates a profound unity between Jesus and the Father, suggesting not merely a unity of purpose or mission but a unity of essence. The reaction of the Jewish leaders to this statement further underscores its significance. In John 10:31-33, we read, "Again his Jewish opponents picked up stones to stone him, but Jesus said to them, 'I have shown you many good works from the Father. For which of these do you stone me?' 'We are not stoning you for any good work,' they replied, 'but for blasphemy, because you, a mere man, claim to be God.'"

The Jewish leaders understood Jesus' claim to be one with the Father as a claim to deity, which they considered blasphemous. This reaction highlights that Jesus was not merely speaking of a metaphorical or functional unity but was asserting a shared divine nature with the Father.

Another passage that speaks to the unity of Jesus and the Father is found in John 14:9-11. During the Last Supper, Philip asks Jesus to show them the Father. Jesus responds, "Don’t you know me, Philip, even after I have been among you such a long time? Anyone who has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? Don’t you believe that I am in the Father, and that the Father is in me? The words I say to you I do not speak on my own authority. Rather, it is the Father, living in me, who is doing his work. Believe me when I say that I am in the Father and the Father is in me; or at least believe on the evidence of the works themselves."

Here, Jesus emphasizes the indwelling presence of the Father in Him and vice versa. This mutual indwelling, or perichoresis, is a key aspect of Trinitarian theology, which posits that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit coinhere and interpenetrate each other while remaining distinct persons.

Furthermore, in John 17:20-23, Jesus prays for all believers, saying, "My prayer is not for them alone. I pray also for those who will believe in me through their message, that all of them may be one, Father, just as you are in me and I am in you. May they also be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me. I have given them the glory that you gave me, that they may be one as we are one—I in them and you in me—so that they may be brought to complete unity. Then the world will know that you sent me and have loved them even as you have loved me."

In this prayer, Jesus expresses His desire for believers to experience a unity that mirrors the unity He shares with the Father. This unity is grounded in the divine relationship between the Father and the Son, further reinforcing the concept of their oneness.

The New Testament also provides additional insights into the unity and divinity of Jesus. In Colossians 1:15-20, the Apostle Paul writes, "The Son is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. For in him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things have been created through him and for him. He is before all things, and in him all things hold together. And he is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning and the firstborn from among the dead, so that in everything he might have the supremacy. For God was pleased to have all his fullness dwell in him, and through him to reconcile to himself all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven, by making peace through his blood, shed on the cross."

Paul's description of Jesus as the image of the invisible God and the fullness of God dwelling in Him underscores the divine nature of Jesus and His unity with the Father. This passage affirms that Jesus is not a mere representative of God but embodies the fullness of deity.

Similarly, in Hebrews 1:3, we read, "The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven."

The author of Hebrews emphasizes that Jesus is the exact representation of God's being, further affirming the unity and shared essence between the Son and the Father.

The early church fathers also grappled with the concept of the Trinity and the unity of the Father and the Son. For example, in his work "On the Trinity," Augustine of Hippo writes, "The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, in the unity of the Godhead, are one God so that the Father is not the Son, nor the Son the Father, nor the Holy Spirit the Father or the Son, but a Trinity of persons mutually interrelated, and a unity of an equal essence."

Augustine's articulation of the Trinity reflects the biblical witness to the unity and distinctiveness of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

In conclusion, Jesus' statement in John 10:30, "I and the Father are one," is a profound declaration of His divine nature and unity with the Father. This unity is further elucidated in other passages in the Gospel of John, the writings of the Apostle Paul, and the broader New Testament. The early church fathers also affirmed this unity as central to the doctrine of the Trinity. Understanding this unity helps us grasp the depth of Jesus' identity and His relationship with the Father, which is foundational to Christian faith and theology.