Where was Jesus between His death and resurrection?

The period between Jesus' death on the cross and His resurrection is a subject of deep theological inquiry and has been contemplated by Christians for centuries. The Bible provides some insights, but the exact details remain somewhat mysterious, leading to various interpretations. As a non-denominational Christian pastor, I aim to offer a thoughtful and compelling answer that harmonizes with Scripture and respected Christian thought.

When Jesus died on the cross, His physical body was placed in a tomb, but His spirit did not remain idle. One of the key passages that sheds light on this is found in 1 Peter 3:18-20:

"For Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, to bring you to God. He was put to death in the body but made alive in the Spirit. After being made alive, he went and made proclamation to the imprisoned spirits—to those who were disobedient long ago when God waited patiently in the days of Noah while the ark was being built."

This passage suggests that Jesus, in His spirit, went to make a proclamation to the "imprisoned spirits." The identity of these spirits has been debated, but many scholars believe they are the fallen angels or the souls of those who perished in the flood during Noah's time. The nature of His proclamation is also a topic of discussion—whether it was a declaration of His victory over sin and death or a message of judgment.

Another significant passage is found in Ephesians 4:8-10:

"This is why it says: 'When he ascended on high, he took many captives and gave gifts to his people.' (What does 'he ascended' mean except that he also descended to the lower, earthly regions? He who descended is the very one who ascended higher than all the heavens, in order to fill the whole universe.)"

This passage indicates that Jesus "descended to the lower, earthly regions" before His ascension. The term "lower, earthly regions" has been interpreted in various ways, but many theologians agree it refers to the realm of the dead, often referred to as Sheol in Hebrew or Hades in Greek. This was considered a temporary abode for the dead before the final judgment.

In the Apostles' Creed, an early statement of Christian faith, it is affirmed that Jesus "descended to the dead" (or "descended into hell" in some translations). This creed, widely accepted across different Christian traditions, supports the idea that Jesus spent the time between His death and resurrection in the realm of the dead.

To understand this further, we need to look at the concept of Sheol or Hades in the biblical context. In the Old Testament, Sheol is described as a shadowy place where the dead reside, both the righteous and the unrighteous. It is not necessarily a place of torment but a place of waiting. In the New Testament, Hades continues this idea but also introduces the concept of a division within this realm—one side for the unrighteous and another, often referred to as "Abraham's bosom" or "Paradise," for the righteous.

Jesus Himself alludes to this division in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus in Luke 16:19-31. In this parable, the rich man finds himself in torment in Hades, while Lazarus is comforted at Abraham's side. This suggests that upon death, souls were separated based on their righteousness, awaiting the final resurrection and judgment.

When Jesus spoke to the thief on the cross, He said, "Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise" (Luke 23:43). This indicates that Jesus and the repentant thief went to a place of blessing and rest, often understood as the righteous part of Sheol or Hades. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that Jesus, in His spirit, went to this place of the dead, proclaiming His victory and possibly liberating the righteous souls who had been waiting for the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

The idea of Jesus liberating souls is supported by the concept of the "harrowing of hell," a term used in Christian theology to describe Christ's descent to the dead and His victory over the powers of hell. This is vividly depicted in early Christian art and literature, where Christ is shown breaking down the gates of hell and bringing forth the righteous who had been held captive.

In summary, Jesus' time between His death and resurrection was spent in the realm of the dead, where He proclaimed His victory, possibly to both the unrighteous and the righteous. He descended to the lower regions, as affirmed by Scripture and Christian tradition, to fulfill His redemptive work completely. This event underscores the comprehensive nature of Christ's victory over sin, death, and the powers of darkness, bringing hope and assurance to all believers that through Him, we too can have victory over death and the promise of eternal life.

The theological implications of this are profound. It highlights that Jesus' work of salvation is not limited to His earthly life but extends beyond death, affecting all realms of existence. It assures us that no place is beyond the reach of God's redemptive power. As Paul writes in Romans 8:38-39:

"For I am convinced that neither death nor life, neither angels nor demons, neither the present nor the future, nor any powers, neither height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord."

This passage encapsulates the hope and assurance that Christ's descent to the dead brings to believers. It is a testament to the boundless love and power of God, who through Jesus Christ, has triumphed over all forces of darkness, ensuring that we are never separated from His love.