What is the definition of paganism?

Paganism, as a term, often evokes a variety of images and ideas, depending on one's cultural and religious background. For many, it might conjure thoughts of ancient civilizations, polytheistic deities, or nature-based spiritual practices. To fully comprehend paganism, especially from a Christian theological perspective, it is essential to explore its historical roots, its evolution, and its contrast with Christian worship.

Historically, the term "paganism" originates from the Latin word "paganus," which initially referred to a "country dweller" or "rustic." As Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, particularly in urban centers, those in rural areas who continued practicing polytheistic religions were labeled as "pagans." Over time, the term took on a broader meaning, encompassing a wide range of religious practices and beliefs outside of the Abrahamic faiths—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

At its core, paganism is characterized by a belief in multiple deities, often associated with natural elements and forces. It is a broad umbrella that includes various ancient religions such as those of the Greeks, Romans, Norse, and Celts, as well as contemporary movements like Wicca and Druidry. These religions typically emphasize rituals, ceremonies, and a deep connection to nature and the cycles of the earth.

From a Christian perspective, paganism is often viewed in contrast to monotheistic worship. The Bible frequently addresses pagan practices, particularly in the Old Testament, where the Israelites are warned against adopting the religious practices of surrounding nations. For instance, in Deuteronomy 12:29-31, God instructs the Israelites not to inquire about how other nations worship their gods, warning them against adopting those practices. This reflects a central concern in biblical texts: the exclusive worship of Yahweh and the rejection of idolatry, which is often associated with pagan religions.

In the New Testament, the Apostle Paul addresses paganism when speaking to the people of Athens in Acts 17:22-31. He acknowledges their religiosity and even references an altar inscribed "To an unknown god." Paul uses this as an opportunity to introduce the Athenians to the Christian God, emphasizing that He does not dwell in temples made by human hands and is not served by human hands, as He gives life to all.

Theologically, paganism presents a worldview that is often at odds with Christian doctrine. Pagan religions typically have a cyclical view of time, in contrast to the linear, historical perspective of Christianity, which moves from creation to redemption to consummation. Moreover, while paganism often embraces a pantheon of gods, Christianity is firmly rooted in the belief in one sovereign God who is personal and relational.

In Christian literature, figures like C.S. Lewis and G.K. Chesterton have engaged with pagan themes, often highlighting the echoes of truth found in pagan myths and how they point to the reality of the Christian narrative. Lewis, for instance, in his essay "Myth Became Fact," argues that while pagan myths are beautiful and resonate with deep truths about the human condition, they find their fulfillment and historical grounding in the person of Jesus Christ.

Despite its historical and theological differences with Christianity, paganism has experienced a resurgence in modern times. Many contemporary pagans seek to revive ancient practices and adapt them to today's context, often emphasizing environmentalism, personal spirituality, and inclusivity. This revival, sometimes referred to as Neo-Paganism, presents both challenges and opportunities for dialogue within the broader religious landscape.

For Christians, understanding paganism involves recognizing both its historical significance and its contemporary expressions. It requires a balanced approach that acknowledges the distinctiveness of Christian doctrine while also engaging respectfully with those who hold different beliefs. This engagement can be an opportunity for Christians to articulate their faith clearly, emphasizing the uniqueness of the gospel message in a pluralistic world.

In summary, paganism is a complex and multifaceted term that encompasses a wide range of religious practices and beliefs outside the monotheistic traditions of the Abrahamic faiths. From a Christian perspective, paganism is often seen as embodying beliefs and practices that contrast with the worship of the one true God as revealed in Scripture. Yet, the conversation between Christianity and paganism can be a fruitful one, offering opportunities for deeper understanding and mutual respect in a diverse religious landscape.