Understanding what pagans believe requires us to delve into a diverse and complex array of spiritual and religious traditions. The term "pagan" often serves as a broad categorization used historically by Christians to describe various non-Christian faiths. In modern times, paganism can refer to a wide spectrum of beliefs and practices that are distinct from the monotheistic traditions of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. It is crucial to approach this topic with the understanding that pagan beliefs are not monolithic; they vary widely across different cultures and historical periods.
Historically, the word "pagan" originated from the Latin word "paganus," which means "country dweller" or "rustic." This term was used by early Christians to describe those who practiced polytheistic religions, primarily because these practices were more common in rural areas outside burgeoning Christian urban centers. Paganism, therefore, encompasses a variety of ancient religions, including but not limited to the Greek and Roman pantheons, Norse mythology, Celtic traditions, and indigenous spiritualities worldwide.
One of the core characteristics of many pagan belief systems is polytheism, the worship of multiple deities. These deities often personify natural forces or human attributes and are revered through various rituals and ceremonies. For instance, in ancient Greek religion, gods like Zeus, Athena, and Apollo each represented different aspects of life and the universe. Similarly, Norse mythology includes gods such as Odin, Thor, and Freya, each with their own domains and stories.
In addition to polytheism, paganism often emphasizes a deep connection with nature and the cycles of the earth. Many pagan traditions celebrate seasonal festivals, such as solstices and equinoxes, which mark changes in the natural world. These celebrations often include rituals that honor the earth, the sun, the moon, and other natural elements, reflecting a worldview that sees divinity as immanent within the natural world rather than transcendent and separate from it.
Modern paganism, sometimes referred to as neo-paganism, includes a revival and reinterpretation of these ancient practices. Wicca is one of the most well-known contemporary pagan movements, characterized by its worship of a Goddess and a God, its celebration of the Wheel of the Year (a series of seasonal festivals), and its practice of magic. Other modern pagan paths include Druidry, Heathenry, and eclectic forms that draw from various traditions.
It is also important to note that many pagans today do not see their beliefs as a rejection of Christianity or any other religion but rather as a personal spiritual path that resonates with their understanding of the world. This inclusivity and diversity are hallmarks of modern pagan practice, where individual experience and personal revelation are often valued over dogma or creeds.
From a Christian perspective, understanding pagan beliefs involves recognizing the differences and similarities between these spiritual paths and Christianity. The Apostle Paul provides a helpful model for engaging with pagan beliefs in Acts 17:22-31, where he addresses the people of Athens. Paul acknowledges the Athenians' religiosity and even quotes their poets, using their cultural context as a bridge to introduce the gospel of Jesus Christ. This approach reflects a respect for the beliefs of others while also affirming the distinctiveness of the Christian faith.
Christians believe in one God, who is both transcendent and immanent, revealed in the person of Jesus Christ. This monotheistic belief is foundational, as expressed in the Shema from Deuteronomy 6:4: "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one." The Christian doctrine of the Trinity further distinguishes this belief, affirming that God exists as three persons—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—yet is one in essence.
The Christian faith also teaches that salvation and reconciliation with God come through Jesus Christ, who lived, died, and rose again for the forgiveness of sins. This belief in the redemptive work of Christ is central to Christian doctrine and contrasts with many pagan beliefs, which may focus on harmony with nature or personal spiritual development rather than a relationship with a personal, loving God.
Christian literature has long engaged with paganism, both critically and sympathetically. C.S. Lewis, a renowned Christian apologist, often drew on pagan mythology to illustrate Christian truths. In his book "Mere Christianity," Lewis argues that the human longing for meaning and transcendence, which pagan myths often express, points to a deeper truth fulfilled in Christ. He suggests that pagan stories of dying and rising gods, for example, are echoes of the true story of Jesus' death and resurrection.
In engaging with pagan beliefs, Christians are called to embody the love and truth of Christ. This involves not only proclaiming the gospel but also listening to and understanding the beliefs of others with respect and humility. As the Apostle Peter writes in 1 Peter 3:15, Christians should always be prepared to give an answer for the hope that is in them, but do so with gentleness and respect.
In conclusion, pagans believe in a wide variety of spiritual traditions that emphasize polytheism, a connection with nature, and personal spiritual experience. While these beliefs differ from Christian doctrine, understanding them can provide opportunities for meaningful dialogue and witness. As Christians engage with those of pagan beliefs, they are called to reflect the love and grace of Christ, recognizing the image of God in every person and seeking to share the hope of the gospel in a way that is both truthful and compassionate.
