What scriptural support is there for pacifism or for just war?

The complex issues of war and peace have been central to Christian ethical discussions throughout history. As followers of Christ, believers are called to navigate these challenging topics by looking to the Scriptures for guidance. The Bible provides insights that have been interpreted in support of both pacifism and the concept of a just war. This exploration will delve into the scriptural foundations for these two positions, helping believers to understand the biblical perspective on how to approach the issues of conflict and peace.

Biblical Foundations for Pacifism

Pacifism, the belief that violence is unjustifiable and that conflicts should be settled peacefully, finds strong support in several key biblical texts. Central to the pacifist viewpoint is the teachings and life of Jesus Christ, who advocated for love, mercy, and forgiveness.

1. The Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7)
   In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus presents principles that underpin the pacifist stance. Matthew 5:9 declares, "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God." This beatitude elevates peacemaking as a divine calling. Furthermore, in Matthew 5:38-39, Jesus instructs, "You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.’ But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also." This radical call to non-retaliation goes beyond mere avoidance of conflict; it is an active promotion of peace.

2. The Example of Christ’s Suffering (1 Peter 2:21-23)
   Peter refers to Jesus’ response to suffering as a model for believers. "To this you were called, because Christ suffered for you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps. 'He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth.' When they hurled their insults at him, he did not retaliate; when he suffered, he made no threats. Instead, he entrusted himself to him who judges justly." The example of Christ not retaliating, even unto death, stands as a powerful testament to the pacifist path.

3. Love for Enemies (Luke 6:27-31)
   Luke records Jesus’ radical command to love one's enemies: "But to you who are listening I say: Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you." This directive challenges the very human inclination to respond to aggression with aggression, advocating instead for a response of love and blessing.

Biblical Foundations for Just War

While pacifism focuses on non-violence and peace, the concept of just war is rooted in the idea that war can be morally justifiable under certain conditions. This perspective is also supported by various scriptures that acknowledge the complexities of governing and protecting a community.

1. God’s Commands to Israel (Deuteronomy 20:1-4)
   The Old Testament contains narratives where God commands Israel to engage in battles. Deuteronomy 20 provides regulations for warfare, indicating that war, when commanded by God and conducted under certain guidelines, was part of the divine plan for Israel. Verse 4 says, "For the Lord your God is the one who goes with you to fight for you against your enemies to give you victory." This suggests a framework where war is under divine sanction and guidance.

2. Role of Government (Romans 13:1-4)
   Paul’s letter to the Romans discusses the role of governing authorities, which includes bearing the sword to execute wrath on wrongdoers. "For the one in authority is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God’s servants, agents of wrath to bring punishment on the wrongdoer." This passage has been interpreted to mean that governments may have a divine mandate to use force in maintaining order and justice, within the bounds of moral governance.

3. Wisdom Literature on Time for War (Ecclesiastes 3:1-8)
   Ecclesiastes acknowledges a "time for war" as part of the seasons of human existence. "A time to love and a time to hate, a time for war and a time for peace." This poetic reflection suggests that there is a season for every activity under heaven, including war. This has been understood to imply that war, while tragic, can sometimes be necessary to restore peace and order.

Navigating the Tension

The tension between the scriptural support for pacifism and just war reflects the complex nature of human society and the brokenness of the world due to sin. Christians are called to wrestle with these texts and their implications prayerfully and thoughtfully. The New Testament’s overwhelming emphasis on peace and reconciliation through Christ informs the Christian approach to conflict. Yet, the recognition of a fallen world sometimes necessitates forceful action to uphold justice and protect the innocent.

In navigating this tension, believers must seek divine wisdom and guidance through prayer, the study of Scripture, and the counsel of the Christian community. The pursuit of peace should always be paramount, as Christ himself is our peace (Ephesians 2:14), who has broken down the barriers of hostility. Yet, in a world marred by sin, the pursuit of justice and the protection of the vulnerable also play crucial roles in the Christian ethical landscape.

Ultimately, each believer must be led by the Holy Spirit, grounded in the love and teachings of Jesus, and committed to the transformation of the world through the gospel. Whether advocating for pacifism or engaging in just war, the goal remains the restoration of all creation under the lordship of Christ, where peace and justice are perfectly realized.