The use of incense in Christian liturgical practices is a tradition rooted in both historical and theological significance, weaving together sensory experience with profound spiritual symbolism. To understand why incense is used, we must explore its biblical precedents, symbolic meanings, and the role it plays in worship and prayer within the Christian faith.
Historical and Biblical Foundations
Incense has been used since ancient times for a variety of purposes, including religious ceremonies. Its use in Judaism, the precursor to Christianity, is well documented in the Old Testament. For instance, in the book of Exodus, God gives Moses detailed instructions for building an altar of incense (Exodus 30:1-10). This altar was to be placed in the Tabernacle, and Aaron was to burn fragrant incense on it every morning and evening as a regular offering to the Lord. This practice signified the continuous presence of God among His people and the ongoing act of worship.
The use of incense is also seen in the visions of heavenly worship in the book of Revelation, where the prayers of the saints are depicted as rising before God like the smoke of incense (Revelation 5:8; 8:3-4). This imagery beautifully illustrates how incense represents the prayers and supplications of the faithful ascending to God.
Symbolic Meanings
In Christian liturgy, the burning of incense carries multiple layers of symbolism. Firstly, as noted in Revelation, it represents the prayers of the saints ascending to heaven. The visual of smoke rising upwards is a powerful metaphor for spiritual aspiration, the soul's desire to rise towards God.
Secondly, incense symbolizes purification and sanctification. In the Old Testament, the burning of incense was part of the rituals of atonement and cleansing. This symbolism was adopted and adapted in Christian practices to represent the purification of the mind and heart during worship, preparing the faithful to enter the presence of God.
Thirdly, the fragrance of incense adds a sensory dimension to worship that engages the believers' sense of smell, reminding them that worship involves the whole being—body, mind, and spirit. The pleasant aroma of incense permeates the church, just as one hopes the spirit of God permeates the lives of the worshippers.
Role in Worship and Prayer
In Christian liturgical practices, particularly in traditions such as Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, and some Lutheran churches, incense is used during mass and other services to honor the sacredness of the worship space, the sacredness of the scriptures, and the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. During the procession and the reading of the Gospel, incense is used to venerate the book of the Gospels, signifying the presence of Christ who is the Word made flesh (John 1:14). Similarly, incense is used during the preparation of the Eucharist to venerate the bread and wine, which Christians believe become the Body and Blood of Christ.
The act of censing is also a mark of respect and honor given to objects and people. It reflects the recognition of the holiness inherent in God's creation and particularly in those who have dedicated themselves to His service. Thus, incense is used to cense the altar, the priest, and the congregation, symbolizing the sanctification that comes from God alone.
Practical and Pastoral Considerations
While the use of incense adds a rich layer of symbolism and beauty to Christian worship, it also requires sensitivity to the practical and pastoral needs of the congregation. Some individuals may have allergies or respiratory issues that make exposure to smoke uncomfortable or harmful. In such cases, churches must balance the traditional practices with the need for inclusivity and care for the wellbeing of all participants. Alternatives, such as incense-free services, can be provided to ensure that worship remains accessible to everyone.
Theological Reflections
The use of incense, like many other elements of Christian liturgy, is not merely about adhering to tradition for tradition's sake. Rather, it is a practice steeped in deep theological meaning, connecting us with the historical roots of our faith and enhancing our spiritual experience through symbolic actions. It serves as a reminder of the transcendence of God, the immanence of His presence, and the continuous call to a life of prayer and sanctification.
In conclusion, the use of incense in Christian liturgical practices is a multifaceted tradition that enriches worship, underscores the sacredness of the liturgical acts, and elevates the minds and hearts of the faithful to God. Through its historical roots, symbolic meanings, and role in worship, incense continues to be a valuable and meaningful element of Christian worship across many denominations.
