What are the differences between epistles and letters?

The terms "epistles" and "letters" are often used interchangeably, especially in the context of the New Testament, but there are subtle distinctions that can be drawn between them. Understanding these differences can enhance our appreciation of the New Testament writings and their theological significance.

At the outset, it is important to note that both epistles and letters are forms of written communication. However, the term "epistle" is generally used to refer to a more formal, didactic, and public piece of correspondence, whereas "letter" can denote a more personal, informal, and private communication. This distinction, while not absolute, helps us to appreciate the unique characteristics of the New Testament writings.

Epistles: Formal and Didactic

The word "epistle" comes from the Greek word "epistolē," which means "message" or "letter." In the context of the New Testament, epistles are formal letters that were intended for public reading and were often addressed to churches or larger Christian communities. They were written by apostles or other early Christian leaders to instruct, exhort, and encourage believers in their faith.

One of the key features of epistles is their didactic nature. They are not merely personal communications but are designed to teach and provide theological guidance. For example, the Apostle Paul's epistles, such as Romans, Corinthians, and Galatians, are rich in theological content and address a wide range of doctrinal and ethical issues. These writings were meant to be read aloud in the assemblies of early Christians and to serve as authoritative teachings.

Romans 1:7 provides a clear example of the formal and didactic nature of an epistle: "To all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be his holy people: Grace and peace to you from God our Father and from the Lord Jesus Christ."

The structure of an epistle typically includes a greeting, a thanksgiving or prayer, the main body of the letter (which contains doctrinal teaching, ethical instruction, and practical advice), and a closing. This formal structure underscores the epistle's role as a teaching document.

Letters: Personal and Informal

The term "letter," on the other hand, is broader and can refer to any written communication between individuals. In the New Testament, letters are often more personal and informal than epistles. They may address specific individuals and deal with personal matters rather than broader theological issues.

An excellent example of a New Testament letter is the book of Philemon. This letter, written by the Apostle Paul to Philemon, is a personal appeal on behalf of Onesimus, a runaway slave who had become a Christian. The tone of the letter is warm and personal, and it deals with a specific situation rather than providing general theological instruction.

Philemon 1:4-7 illustrates the personal nature of this letter: "I always thank my God as I remember you in my prayers, because I hear about your love for all his holy people and your faith in the Lord Jesus. I pray that your partnership with us in the faith may be effective in deepening your understanding of every good thing we share for the sake of Christ. Your love has given me great joy and encouragement, because you, brother, have refreshed the hearts of the Lord’s people."

While the distinction between epistles and letters is helpful, it is important to recognize that the New Testament writings often blur these categories. For example, the letter to the Philippians is addressed to a specific church and contains personal elements, yet it also includes significant theological teaching and exhortation, making it both a letter and an epistle.

The Purpose and Audience

The purpose and audience of a writing can also help us distinguish between epistles and letters. Epistles are often written to address specific theological or ethical issues within a community. For instance, Paul's epistles to the Corinthians address various problems within the Corinthian church, such as divisions, immorality, and misunderstandings about spiritual gifts. These writings are meant to provide authoritative guidance and to be applicable to the entire community of believers.

In contrast, letters may be written to address personal matters or to communicate with specific individuals. The letters of John (1 John, 2 John, and 3 John) exhibit a more personal tone, especially 2 John and 3 John, which are addressed to individuals. These letters deal with issues of hospitality, truth, and love, but they do so in a more personal and less formal manner.

Literary Style and Content

The literary style and content of epistles and letters also differ. Epistles often employ a more formal and structured style, with clear theological arguments and exhortations. They may include elements such as hymns, creeds, and prayers, which serve to reinforce their teaching. For example, the Christ hymn in Philippians 2:6-11 is a profound theological statement about the nature and work of Christ, embedded within an epistle.

Letters, on the other hand, may exhibit a more conversational style and focus on personal relationships and practical matters. The content of letters is often more varied and may include personal news, requests, and greetings. The letter of James, while addressing ethical issues, has a more practical and less formal tone, focusing on how to live out one's faith in everyday life.

Historical and Cultural Context

Understanding the historical and cultural context of the New Testament writings can further illuminate the differences between epistles and letters. In the Greco-Roman world, letters were a common means of communication, and there were established conventions for letter writing. These conventions included elements such as the greeting, thanksgiving, body, and closing, which we see reflected in the New Testament writings.

Epistles, however, often go beyond these conventions to include more formal and theological content. The use of epistles in the New Testament reflects the early Christian practice of using written communication to teach and build up the faith of believers. This practice was rooted in the Jewish tradition of written Scripture and the authority of apostolic teaching.

Conclusion

In summary, while the terms "epistles" and "letters" are often used interchangeably, they can be distinguished based on their formality, purpose, audience, literary style, and content. Epistles are formal, didactic writings intended for public reading and theological instruction, while letters are more personal and informal communications. Understanding these distinctions can deepen our appreciation of the New Testament writings and their role in the early Christian community.

The writings of the New Testament, whether epistles or letters, continue to speak to us today, offering timeless wisdom and guidance for our faith and practice. As we study these texts, we are reminded of the rich heritage of Christian teaching and the enduring power of God's Word to transform lives.

2 Timothy 3:16-17 encapsulates the enduring value of these writings: "All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the servant of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work."