The term "begotten" carries profound theological significance, particularly within the context of the Bible and Christian theology. To understand its meaning, we must delve into its usage in both the Old and New Testaments, with a particular focus on its application to Jesus Christ. The term "begotten" is often encountered in the famous verse John 3:16 (KJV): "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life." Here, the word "begotten" is translated from the Greek word "μονογενής" (monogenēs).
The Old Testament Context
In the Old Testament, the concept of being "begotten" is often associated with the idea of fathering or bringing forth children. For instance, in Genesis 5, the genealogies frequently use the term to describe the lineage from Adam onward: "And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth" (Genesis 5:3, KJV). Here, "begat" (the verb form of "begotten") indicates the act of procreation, highlighting the biological relationship between a father and his offspring.
However, the Old Testament also uses "begotten" in a more metaphorical sense, particularly in reference to God's relationship with Israel and the Davidic king. For example, in Psalm 2:7 (KJV), we read, "I will declare the decree: the LORD hath said unto me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee." This verse is traditionally understood as a Messianic prophecy, pointing forward to the coming of Christ. Here, "begotten" implies a unique relationship between God and the king, one that goes beyond mere physical descent to include a special divine appointment and favor.
The New Testament Context
In the New Testament, the term "begotten" takes on a deeper theological meaning, especially in relation to Jesus Christ. The Greek word "μονογενής" (monogenēs) is used to describe Jesus in several key passages, including John 1:14, 1:18, and 3:16. The term is often translated as "only begotten" in the King James Version, but it can also be rendered as "one and only" or "unique" in other translations.
John 1:14 (KJV) states, "And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth." This verse emphasizes the unique nature of Jesus as the incarnate Word of God. The phrase "only begotten" underscores that Jesus is not merely another human being but holds a singular, unparalleled status as the Son of God.
Theological Implications
The use of "begotten" in reference to Jesus Christ carries several important theological implications:
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Uniqueness of Christ: The term "begotten" signifies that Jesus is unique—He is the only one of His kind. While believers are called children of God through adoption (Romans 8:15; Ephesians 1:5), Jesus is the Son of God in a way that is fundamentally different. He shares the same divine essence as the Father, as affirmed in the Nicene Creed: "begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father."
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Eternal Generation: The concept of Jesus being "begotten" of the Father also speaks to the doctrine of the eternal generation of the Son. This means that the Son is eternally derived from the Father, not in a temporal sense but in an eternal, relational sense. This is a mystery that transcends human understanding, but it is crucial for maintaining the distinction between the persons of the Trinity while affirming their unity in essence.
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Incarnation: The term "begotten" also highlights the incarnation of Jesus Christ. As John 1:14 indicates, the Word became flesh. This means that the eternal Son of God took on human nature without ceasing to be divine. The incarnation is a pivotal event in Christian theology, demonstrating God's immense love and commitment to redeem humanity.
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Revelation of the Father: Jesus, as the "only begotten" Son, uniquely reveals the Father to us. John 1:18 (KJV) states, "No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him." Jesus makes the invisible God known to us in a way that no one else can, because He shares the same divine nature and has an intimate relationship with the Father.
Historical and Doctrinal Clarifications
The early church wrestled with the meaning of "begotten" in relation to Jesus Christ, particularly in the context of the Arian controversy. Arius, a fourth-century presbyter, argued that the Son was a created being and not co-eternal with the Father. In response, the Council of Nicaea (AD 325) affirmed the orthodox understanding of Jesus as "begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father." This was crucial for maintaining the doctrine of the Trinity and the full divinity of Jesus Christ.
Church fathers like Athanasius and Augustine further expounded on the concept of eternal generation. Athanasius, in his work "On the Incarnation," emphasized that the Son is eternally begotten of the Father, meaning that there was never a time when the Son did not exist. Augustine, in his work "On the Trinity," elaborated on the relational aspects within the Godhead, describing the Father as the source of the Son's generation, yet affirming their co-equality and co-eternity.
Practical Implications for Believers
Understanding the meaning of "begotten" has practical implications for believers today. It deepens our appreciation for the uniqueness and divinity of Jesus Christ, encouraging us to worship Him with greater reverence and awe. Recognizing Jesus as the "only begotten" Son also reinforces the importance of the incarnation and the lengths to which God went to redeem us.
Moreover, this understanding enhances our grasp of the Trinity, helping us to appreciate the relational dynamics within the Godhead. It reminds us that our salvation is rooted in the eternal love and fellowship between the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This can inspire us to pursue deeper relationships within the body of Christ, reflecting the unity and love that exists within the Trinity.
Finally, acknowledging Jesus as the "only begotten" Son can strengthen our faith in the reliability of His revelation. Since Jesus uniquely reveals the Father, we can trust His teachings and follow Him with confidence, knowing that He is the ultimate source of truth and life.
Conclusion
The term "begotten" in the Bible, particularly in reference to Jesus Christ, is rich with theological meaning. It signifies His unique status as the Son of God, His eternal generation from the Father, and His incarnation as the Word made flesh. This understanding is crucial for maintaining orthodox Christian beliefs about the Trinity and the full divinity of Jesus. It also has profound practical implications for our worship, relationships, and faith. As we contemplate the meaning of "begotten," we are drawn into a deeper appreciation of the mystery and majesty of God's redemptive work through His only begotten Son.
